· The results section of a quantitative research paper is where you summarize your data and report the findings of any relevant statistical analyses. The APA manual provides rigorous guidelines for what to report in quantitative research papers in the fields of psychology, education, and other social sciences. Use these standards to answer your research questions and report your data analyses in a · For example, in your analysis, you may have noticed a significant correlation between two variables never described before. It is correct to explain this in the Results section. However, speculation about the reasons for this correlation should go in the Discussion section of your paper. In general, the Results section includes the following elements:Author: Ramya Sriram Example A is an example from a well written results section; it uses relevant material and focuses on the results and not the Figures. Example B is an example from a poorly written results section. It includes material which does not belong to the results section such as interpretation and discussion; it focuses on the Figures representing the results, rather than the results themselves and it does not introduce and refer to the Figures
Reporting Research Results in APA Style | Tips & Examples
Published on December 21, by Pritha Bhandari. Revised on April 1, The results section of a quantitative research paper is where you summarize your data and report the findings of any relevant statistical analyses. The APA manual provides rigorous guidelines for what to report in quantitative research papers in the fields of psychology, education, results section of research paper example, and other social sciences.
Use these standards results section of research paper example answer your research questions and report your data analyses in a complete and transparent way. Table of contents What goes in your results section? Frequently asked questions about results in APA.
In APA style, the results section includes preliminary information about the participants and data, descriptive and inferential statistics, and the results of any exploratory analyses. Before diving into your research findings, first describe the flow of participants at every stage of your study and whether any data were excluded from the final analysis.
Be sure to also state all reasons for attrition. The remaining participants were invited to complete the online study survey in exchange for study credit. However, an additional 12 participants failed to complete it, resulting in a final total of participants. If your study has multiple stages e.
Another key issue is the completeness of your dataset. Data can become unusable due to equipment malfunctions, improper storage, unexpected events, participant ineligibility, and so on. For each case, state the reason why the data were unusable. Some data points may be removed from the final analysis because they are outliers—but you must be able to justify how you decided what to exclude.
If you applied any techniques for overcoming or compensating for lost data, report those as well. For clinical studies, report all events with serious consequences or any side effects that occured.
Learn more. Descriptive statistics summarize your data for the reader. Present descriptive statistics for each primary, secondary, and subgroup analysis. The exact descriptive statistics that you report depends on the types of data in your study. Categorical variables can be reported using proportions, results section of research paper example, while quantitative data can be reported using means and standard deviations.
For a large set of numbers, a table is the most effective presentation format. Include sample sizes overall and for each group as well as appropriate measures of central tendency and variability for the outcomes in your results section. For every point estimateadd a clearly labelled measure of variability as well.
Be sure to note how you combined data to come up with variables of interest. For every variable of interest, explain how you operationalized it. When reporting statistical results, you should first address primary research questions before moving onto secondary research questions and any exploratory or subgroup analyses.
Present the results of tests in the order that you performed them—report the outcomes of main tests before post-hoc tests, for example. For each statistical test performed, first restate the hypothesisthen state whether your hypothesis was supported and provide the outcomes that led you to that conclusion. When reporting complex data analyses, such as factor analysis or multivariate analysis, present the models estimated in detail, and state the statistical software used.
Make sure to report any violations of statistical assumptions or problems with estimation. For each hypothesis test performed, you should present confidence intervals and estimates of effect sizes. Confidence intervals are useful for showing the variability around point estimates. They should be included whenever you report population parameter estimates.
Effect sizes indicate how impactful the outcomes of a study are. Results section of research paper example report the results of any other planned or exploratory analyses you performed. These may include subgroup analyses as well. Subgroup analyses come with a high chance of false positive results, because performing a large number of comparison or correlation tests increases the chances of finding significant results.
If you find significant results in these analyses, make sure to appropriately report them as exploratory rather than confirmatory results to avoid overstating their importance. While these analyses can be reported in less detail in the main text, you can provide the full analyses in supplementary materials.
To effectively present numbers, use a mix of text, tablesand figures where appropriate:. Since these are general guidelines, use your own judgment and feedback from others for effective presentation of numbers. Tables and figures should be numbered and have titles, along with relevant notes. Make sure to present data only once throughout the paper and refer to any tables and figures in the text.
There are specific format guidelines for reporting statistics in APAas well as general rules about writing numbers. If you are unsure of how to present specific symbols, look up the detailed APA guidelines or other papers in your field. For that reason, raw data and any interpretations of your results are not included in the results section.
Instead, results section of research paper example, you should always save the raw data securely and make them available and accessible to any other researchers who results section of research paper example them. Making scientific research available to others is a key part of academic integrity and open science. This belongs in your discussion section. Your results section is where you objectively report all relevant findings and leave them open for interpretation by readers.
While you should state whether the findings of statistical tests lend support to your hypotheses, results section of research paper example, refrain from forming conclusions to your research questions in the results section. For the sake of concise writing, you can safely assume that readers of your paper have professional knowledge of how statistical inferences work. In an APA results sectionyou should generally report the following:. According to the APA guidelines, results section of research paper example, you should report enough detail on inferential statistics so that your readers understand your analyses.
You should also present confidence intervals and estimates of effect sizes where relevant. In APA style, statistics can be presented in the main text or as tables or figures.
To decide how to present numbers, you can follow APA guidelines:. Results are usually written in the past tensebecause they are describing the outcome of completed actions. The results chapter or section simply and objectively reports results section of research paper example you found, without speculating on why you found these results. The discussion interprets the meaning of the results, puts them in context, and explains why they matter. In qualitative researchresults and discussion are sometimes combined.
Thanks for reading! Hope you found this article helpful. An innovative new tool that checks your APA citations with AI software, results section of research paper example. Say goodbye to inaccurate citations! Have a language expert improve your writing. Check your paper for plagiarism in 10 minutes. Do the check. Generate your APA citations for free! APA Citation Generator. Home Knowledge Base APA Style 7th edition How to write an APA results section.
How to write an APA results section Published on December 21, by Pritha Bhandari. What should I include in an APA results section? In an APA results sectionyou should generally report the following: Participant flow and recruitment period. Missing data and any adverse events. Descriptive statistics about your samples. Inferential statisticsincluding confidence intervals and effect sizes.
Results of any subgroup or exploratory analyses, if applicable. What statistical results do you need to report according to APA style? Report the following for each hypothesis test: the test statistic value the degrees of freedom the exact p value unless it is less than 0. When should I use tables or results section of research paper example to present numbers?
To decide how to present numbers, you can follow APA guidelines: To present three or fewer numbers, try a sentence, To present between 4 and 20 numbers, try a table, To present more than 20 numbers, try a figure. What tense should I write my results in? Is this article helpful? Pritha Bhandari Pritha has an academic background in English, psychology and cognitive results section of research paper example. As an interdisciplinary researcher, she enjoys writing articles explaining tricky research concepts for students and academics.
Other students also liked. How to write an APA methods section In the methods section of an APA research paper, you report in detail the participants, measures, and procedure of your study. How to format tables and figures in APA Style APA tables and figures are preceded by a number and title, and followed by explanatory notes if necessary. How to report numbers and statistics in APA style The APA Manual provides results section of research paper example for which statistics to report and how to format them.
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Writing the results section
, time: 14:58Examples of results sections
· A good place to start for your results section, it’s to restate the aim and objective of your research paper, so that your readers can refocus on the core of your academic article. So far in your research paper, your readers covered the introduction, literature review, research methodology and now it’s the time and place to bring their attention back to the purpose · For example, in your analysis, you may have noticed a significant correlation between two variables never described before. It is correct to explain this in the Results section. However, speculation about the reasons for this correlation should go in the Discussion section of your paper. In general, the Results section includes the following elements:Author: Ramya Sriram Example A is an example from a well written results section; it uses relevant material and focuses on the results and not the Figures. Example B is an example from a poorly written results section. It includes material which does not belong to the results section such as interpretation and discussion; it focuses on the Figures representing the results, rather than the results themselves and it does not introduce and refer to the Figures
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